Strategic Analysis: McDonald's (Get In Touch For Academic Writing Services)

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McDonalds Strategic Analysis

Executive Summary

McDonald’s is a US restaurant company that operates in the fast food industry, especially selling hamburger. The restaurant conducts its activities as a retail outlet and it has a sizeable number of subsidiaries internationally. The firm uniquely designs its products to retain market leadership over its rival companies (Bassi et al. 905). Despite differentiating its commodities, competition still exists in the market from other well-established businesses. Apart from facing competition, the restaurant also faces other challenges such continued law suits against the firm due to tax evasion. Additionally, the firm is currently considering expanding its operations to the Asian market as a strategy of improving its economies of scale (Watson 44). This paper covers the strategic analysis of the company both internally, externally, and compares the performance of McDonald’s across the industry.

External Analysis

Technologies and Development

The company has improved its meal toys that are meant for kids over the years. The toys were initially manufactured and designed with mechanical portable parts that fastened the movement of toy characters. Currently, the toys have evolved and the firm now uses digital games in conjunction with the toys. An example of the toys is ‘’Rocking Horse’’ that displays a horse movement when children tiger it through a rocking action. Another innovation is culinary. The innovation is targeted to producing quality food items (Bassi et al. 926). The objective is achieved through a Coudreaut team that prepares over 1,800 new recipes and only a few of the meals are selected. The project ensures that the company invents an easy and tasty meal that meets customers’ taste and preference. Currently, the innovation has achieved producing delicious and famous Walnut Salad and Fruit as well as a Premium Chicken Sandwich line.

More so, the company is currently aiming at creating a green environment where its products are not dumped but recycled. Recycling saves the resources of the company and ensures that it operates in a healthy surrounding. The strategy is to improve the welfare of the society through social responsibility. Also, the firm improves food safety and ensures that they are of better quality. Finally, the company intends to develop its operations by moving to certain events such as FIFA 2010 Olympic Games for the youth that occurred in Singapore.

Opportunities

There are several gaps that are available to McDonald’s to exploit. For example, McDonald’s is considering opening new branches in Asia to diversify its operations. Also, the company has various branches internationally. The strategy is to diversify its operations and improve its sales and profitability. All the same, McDonald’s is constantly seeking for information about customers’ taste and preferences so that it can redesign its products according to the changing needs of consumers. Similarly, the restaurant is experimenting the market with more customizable burgers. The firm believes that it can expand its menu to better and healthier product choices including Mc-Wraps that it considers reverting Millennials to its doors. Finally, the restaurant is considering offering services that are more convenient to consumers. The services include payment technologies and mobile ordering that are intended to make its services more appealing to tech-savvy customers.

Threats

McDonald’s is experiencing competition from other established companies such as Chipotle and Panera that are offering stronger appealing products to consumers. Consumes prefer better quality, variety and natural sourcing policies from the firms. The threat puts pressure on the restaurant to continuously review its goods and services that they offer to ensure that they meet customers’ taste and preferences. McDonald’s major market lies in the US where the food industry has been constantly growing (Liddell, Sterling and DeeVon 290). Currently, there are over 21,000 food stores across the US that has led to improved competition within the industry. The recent trends show that dinners that are between 20 and 30 years of age are deflecting from purchasing McDonald’s products and transferring to other rival firms such as Chipotle or Five Guys.

Moreover, there are various substitute goods that serve the same consumers as McDonald’s. Therefore, consumers are driven by price elasticity of demand of the services and good that they receive. Notwithstanding, there are various companies within the nation that serves the same purpose and customers as McDonald’s. For instance, McDonald’s and Burger King Hamburgers serves and satisfies the same group of customers across the country, which render them substitute products. Similarly, the price elasticity of demand for the two firms is considered positive (Liddell, Sterling and DeeVon 290). For instance, a slight change in one of the companies’ commodities impacts the value of the products offered by the other restaurant.

On the same note, substitute products allow consumers to have a variety of options to choose from, which forces the firms to be more innovative to raise the quality of their goods at favorable prices.

Finally, the cultural practices and beliefs of the target consumers should also be put under consideration. For instance, the Muslim communities do not eat Pork. Therefore, the problem becomes a threat where the company has branches within such a society. Therefore, to respond to the challenge, the firms should consider innovating and using a substitute commodity in such areas. The substitute good should be in line with the customers’ taste and preferences.

Internal Analysis

Company’s Resources

McDonald’s has both tangible and intangible assets. The tangible assets of the company include physical wealth such as location of the building that has a capacity of 50 persons and the latest storing and cooking equipment. Apart from the two, it also has a play place for children and one television. Also, the company has various human resources such as the experienced employees that work at its outlets. Labor is considered the most important resource that a company can possess. Qualified workers ensure that employees receive the best services that they require. More so, the company receives financial services from two wealthy banks. The banks include MayBank and CIMB that finances its activities. The final tangible resource of the firm is its organization (Liddell, Sterling and DeeVon 302). The company acts as a training center where managers and crew can daily interact. Therefore, the training acts as an important foundation that is offered by the company.

Apart from the tangible assets, the firm also has intangible assets such as translating operating practices and directions into capabilities. The idea is known as systematization and it resumes that can articulate the process as a section of its capabilities. McDonald’s is concerned of knowledge management which forms the basis of its system. Hence, the operating practices has become part of each worker and gives an attention from management through training programs.

Strengths

McDonald’s has various advantages in the market. For example, the firm’s logo is recognizable by various people globally which helps in advertising the company and its products to new customers. Also, the restaurant spends a lot of money yearly in training its employees. The training ensures that its workers and more competent and offer quality products to the consumers. Similarly, training workers provides job security to its staff that acts as an incentive and draws competent and skilled employees from its rivals. Strength of the company lies in its brand reputation ("Keystone Foods LLC SWOT Analysis." 4) The firm’s products are designed uniquely from those of its competitors. Product differentiation makes consumers to be less price sensitive since they will believe that the company offers quality products irrespective of the prices that they charge. Finally, the company can adapt to various cultural practices of people globally. For instance, the firm serves lamb burgers in India instead of pork and meat burgers. Lamb burger is in line with the cultural and religious beliefs within the area.

Weaknesses

Over the years, McDonald’s have tried to market its Pizza but their effort has not been successful. This has limited the company from competing with other fast food pizza outlets within the nation. The challenge results in forgone profits that the company could have attained if the pizza chain could have succeeded in the market. Another weakness that the business experiences is high training fee for staff members that are working on part time basis ("Mcdonald's Corporation SWOT Analysis" 4). The temporary staff frequently moves from the firm if they find other job opportunities which are more secure. Finally, McDonald’s still needs to explore organic foods when promoting health living. The research requires a lot of capital outlay to be completed successfully.

Strategic Positioning

Value proportion is intended to make a firm’s products more attractive to consumers. McDonald’s achieves value proportion by differentiating its products. The commodities are designed uniquely from those of other rival firms. McDonald’s conducts frequent projects intended to create a unique product that meet consumers’ taste and preference. For instance, the company sells lamb burgers to the Indian community which is unique to the products of other rival companies (Bassi et al. 905). Another value proportion adopted by the company is charging lower prices to its consumers. McDonald’s targets children as the major customers for its commodities. Therefore, the products are sold at lower prices that are accepted by the customers. Low prices increase sales and profitability of the company despite the fact that its profit margin will decline it will still make profits.

Also, McDonald’s improves the services that it offers to consumers to make them more certified. The company employs experience workers that ensures that the products that are produced meets the needs of end users. Moreover, the firm offers free delivery for takeaway services. The delivery services are available to those who live around the region where its branches are located. To add, the branches are spread all over the nation as well as other countries.

Finally, the company operates in a clean environment. The firm recycles its products to prevent pollution that may occur if the products were dumped and not recycled. In addition, the firm is consistent in the type of products that it offers and its services are more convenient to consumers. Similarly, the company has maintained a better relationship with the people that live around it. Being friendly to consumers attracts more people to become its customers.

Financial and Operating Performance

From the valuations given in the table below, it is evident that the company is performing better than the industry in all the parameters such as sales, cash flows, and dividend yield except for earnings. The statement of financial position proves that the company has large quantities of intangible assets. The liquidity position of the company is also high as indicated by the current liability portion of the balance sheet. From the income statement, it is evident that the firm makes large quantities of sales and profits.

The operating performance of the company is evident from its cash flow statements. The cash statements indicate that the firm has more cash inflows than cash outflows. The cash movement within the company is also high, which means that the firm transacts business of large quantities daily. The price to cash flow ratio also proves that the company’s cash flow is greater than that of the industry.

Diversification and Internalization Strategy

McDonald’s franchise most of the assets that it uses. Franchising enables it to expand its operations to other nations where it had not established before. Also, the firm is trying to diversify the types of products that it sells to reduce risk of one product collapsing. For instance, the firm initiated McCafe intended to capture cold and hot beverages in the restaurant industry. The menu that the firm offers includes smoothies, lattes, hot chocolate, coffees and cappuccino (Liddell, Sterling and DeeVon 300). The products diversify the risk which the firm may be exposed to in case one of its products fails in the market. The internalization strategy that the firm has adopted of franchising the commodities that it uses enables it shares the risks and rewards with other companies. To add, the company has invested a lot of its wealth in innovation. Through technology, the firm will be able to produce quality goods that meet consumers’ taste and preference.

Disruptive Threats and Entrepreneurial Opportunities

The firm faces disruptive threats from adverse government regulations in the other areas where it operates. The laws include the unfair labor regulations that do not favor the company in terms of operational cost (Sherman, Herbert, Daniel and Barry 165). The firm also has entrepreneurial opportunities of identifying gaps that has not been exploited. For example, the company is currently considering opening a subsidiary in India to capture the market in the area. The firm has designed a Lamb Barger to that is in line with the culture of Indian’s.

Recommendation

The fast food industries are currently experiencing uncertainties in the market. Therefore, a firm should adopt proper strategies to enable it remains in the market. So far McDonald’s is considered the largest fast food industry globally. However, the rival firms constantly strategies to outdo McDonald’s. McDonald’s management need to spend more money on research and development to ensure that its products remain relevant in the industry. This will ensure that the company remains competitive and keeps a hedge over its rivals. The major focus for successes lies on efficiency and competitive prices. Therefore, the firm should give customers priority so that they do not transfer to the other rival firms.

Works Cited

"Keystone Foods LLC SWOT Analysis." Keystone Foods LLC SWOT Analysis, 28 Sept. 2017, pp. 1-7. EBSCOhost.

"Mcdonald's Corporation SWOT Analysis." Mcdonald's Corporation SWOT Analysis, 13 Oct. 2017, pp. 1-8. EBSCOhost.

Bassi, Matteo, et al. "Product Differentiation by Competing Vertical Hierarchies." Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, vol. 24, no. 4, Winter2015, pp. 904-933. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/jems.12115.

Liddell, Sterling, and DeeVon Bailey. "Market opportunities and threats to the US pork industry posed by traceability systems." The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 4.3 (2001): 287-302.

Sherman, Herbert, Daniel J. Rowley, and Barry R. Armandi. "Developing a strategic profile: the pre-planning phase of strategic management." Business Strategy Series 8.3 (2007): 162-171.

Watson, James L., ed. Golden arches east: McDonald's in East Asia. Stanford University Press, 2006.

Tangerine comedy-drama film: Form Analysis (Get In Touch For Academic Writing Services)

The 2015 Tangerine comedy-drama film was directed by Sean Baker and was written by Baker and Chris Bergoch which featured Kitana Kiki Rodriguez, Mya Taylor, and James Ransome. The plot of the film focuses on a transgender sex worker, Sin-Dee Rella who has been released from his 28 days prison sentence and has joined the outside world. The movie goes on indicating the daily encounters of the sex workers on a Christmas Eve. The movie is among the few that have focused on the transgender community illustrating the challenges that they undergo in their businesses. To achieve its uniqueness and originality of the idea, Baker has employed several form aspects that make the movie outstanding. The use of the real sex worker characters and the utilization of cheap videography techniques have profoundly contributed to its uniqueness.  Effective characterizations and the dramatic encounters by the characters in their usual environment make the movie’s theme to be communicated effectively. The background music played in the movie contributes to the mood that the audience experiences along with the encounters of Sin-Dee. Sean Baker has effectively utilized these form aspects in achieving originality and uniqueness of the movie which makes it outstanding as a comedy-drama movie.

The low budget filmography indicates a highly saturated color editing filled with purple and orange hues accompanied with shoddy Instagram filters indicating that probably this is where the movie got its name Tangerine.  The images produced indicate a widescreen anamorphic attachment that the photographer has in the shots that he takes. In the first scene the two characters, Alexandra and Sin-Dee appear to be highly saturated in color a concept which may make one think they were characters in a Technicolor musical. The colors and its presentation have been employed simplistically to present social issues of intense magnitude. The saturation of the colors presents the lack of seriousness which complements the actions of the actors. They are presented in their usual ways, how they relate and interact with each other in a normal manner without the idea of filmography in the mind of the actors. In this manner, they can present themselves and act their roles effectively. Besides, Baker has indicated and given hope to other film producers on the need to give their best within their limited budgets. The film was ranked among the best despite the components and casting of the film.  Also, others may argue that this is the next level of film production. It propagates the miniaturization idea and combination of several aspects of movie production into one item such as the iPhone used in the creation of the movie. We should not be surprised to see more of such films; Baker may have set the pace for the next generation of filmography.

The employment of originality in the casting of the movie and the way the movie brings out concepts different from the usual manner makes the movie outstanding from the other Hollywood movies. One such instance is when the cab driver, an Armenian Razmik who is married and has a child frequents the location of the prostitutes. In one of the most revealing scenes he picks up a sex worker who he believes is of his type. He carries her in the car and tries to induce her into sex. He realizes that she is a lady and decides to kick her out of his car.  Razmik has his specific taste and can’t settle for anything less yet he has a wife and a kid. This depiction of the unexpected or the different definition of normalcy is what makes the film unique and original without borrowing concepts from the Hollywood movies. The characters in the movie are ever walking, taking long walks.  The shots are taken systematically as every section of the movie the people are always walking. These are rare cases that take place especially when people are drunk or when they are late to catch a bus, but then they can take a cab. Typically, in the Hollywood movies, the characters could be using some vehicles or other high-end means of transport in Los Angeles. These shots make the movie have its original feel different from what the audience is used to.  Alexandra keeps watch over his friend Sin-Dee and always checks out on his progress of searching for the lady who is cheating with his fiancé. Alexandra also struggles with the hustles of LA; he hands out posters and flyers about his performance in a nightclub on the Christmas Eve. The turnout for the event is meager, and at some point, Alexandra argues with a client who refuses to pay. Its Christmas Eve and we expect people to turn up for the night show, but they fail to turn up, Razmik and Sin-Dee, close friends of Alexandra turn up for the event late. These are among the people who should have been there for Alexandra, and their absence contributes to the uniqueness of the plot.

The music that is played in the background when Sin Dee sets out on a mission of vengeance pumps up the mood and sets an exhilarating opening of the movie. At the Donut Corner in Santa Monica Boulevard, Sin-Dee Rella meets Alexandra who mentions to him about the infidelities of his boyfriend, Chester. Agitated by this fact Sin-Dee goes around looking for the white fish who is involved with his fiancé. Sin-Dee knows the block that she lives but has no idea about her identity except for the fact that the name start with a D, he is not sure whether it’s Danielle, Desiree, or Dee-Dee.  During this pursuit, Sean Baker introduces a background music that raises the moods of the audience amidst the confusion that Sin-Dee has to deal with in search of the woman who is cheating with his fiancé. It sets the mood of seriousness in the way Sin-Dee is looking up for the woman.

The dramatic encounters in the lives of the characters have also played a great role towards bringing authenticity and uniqueness to the film.  When watching the first scene of the movie, it's easy to identify the energy and the humor that takes place in the conversation between Alexandra and Sin-Dee. In another instance, Alexandra has been identified as the one who will go further especially in the pursuit of his payment when John denies to pay him, he says, "You forget I got a d—, too." This comes out funny, but essentially it emphasizes on how far he could not withstand anybody interfering with his business. Sin-Dee finally finds Dinah who has been cheating with Chester. He finds her in an overcrowded brothel and pulls her out dragging her along by her hair. The way Sin-Dee takes out Dinah is theatrical raising the attention of the onlookers in the brothel. He uses the word bitch which is uncommon among them. These scenes present half the Hollywood concept of the regular fights among women, but the fact that the argument is between them makes it unique and giving it a different appeal to the audience. The other interesting character is Razmik who struggles to maintain life as a respectable family man going out about his businesses as a cab driver. He is struggling to hide his other side of life and it becomes interesting in the dramatic encounter when the mother-in-law follows him to the club. Razmik’s mother-in-law calls the wife of Razmik who comes along with their daughter (literally the entire family comes to witness). The scene turns out dramatic as the wife confronts Razmik in the presence of his friends. The argument becomes so intense until the shop owner calls for the police. Finally, they calm down, and Razmik and his family go back to their apartment.

The movie presents pressing social issues in a very dramatic and in a light-hearted manner. Baker has gone further to explore the concept of transgender in the streets and how their life goes on in the streets. Through the movie, we can understand the culture of this community and feel them in their natural environment. Baker uses the real actors to break and bring out the issue of color which is often considered shameful among people of color and the several barriers that they face in their lives in the transgender culture. The type of friendship ties that the characters form throughout the movie is limited to people who they share the same values. We rarely see the characters interact with other community members except those that belong to the same transgender.  Evidently, they are looked down upon in the community.  John thinks that Alexandra does not deserve to be paid despite the services he has received from her. The police who show up at the shop also does not treat them as the other people in society. It's these types of mistreatments that let the audience get into the lives of the sex workers. The movie enlightens on several issues around the lives of this community which we often overlook.

Conclusion

Sean Bakers filmography coupled with some other aspects have made the film Tangerine a delightful comedy full of drama. The setting of the film sets out uniqueness to the audience who are used to the Hollywood movies. The use of the low budget filmography on a mere iPhone 5S communicates a lot about the level of the next generation of film technologies. Besides, the employment of highly saturated colors and a mixture of colors gives the movie its outline title Tangerine.  The music played in the background contributes to the mood that the audience feels along as the film advances in the search for lady D. The dramatic encounters of the characters make the movie exciting and achieve its unique and originality feel. The fact that the characters are transgender sets the pace out of normalcy making the audience more enthusiastic in watching the movie. Also, the movie presents serious social issues in a light-hearted manner to provide a free environment for the actors to act with their freedom and bring out reality effectively. 

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Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Prescription (Get In Touch For Academic Writing Services)

Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Prescription

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Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Prescription

            The last decade saw the evolution of electronic prescription which is referred to as E-prescription in the field of medicine. It was introduced in 2003 when Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) was approved by the Congress. The Act provided a formal definition of E-prescription but did not require all healthcare providers to adopt. Moreover, it did provide uniform standards for appropriate implementation and use in the health care institutions. Most healthcare providers in the United States have integrated e-prescribing into their systems, and they have e-prescription routing capabilities. In the modern health care systems, the major concerns are how to increase patient safety and reduce prescription errors. E-prescription has demonstrated that it can provide a solution to these issues. Initially, E-prescription presented several challenges which saw some resistance from medical practitioners. However, most of these challenges have been resolved, thanks to technological advancements. These improvements have led to accuracy in dosing and allergy detection in patients. Although E-prescription provides several benefits to the medical field, still problems are present. The objective of this essay is to explain the advantages and disadvantages of E-prescription in the medical field.

Advantages

The proved advantages E-prescription include drug costs reduction, improved patient safety, and enhanced access to patient prescription records and high quality of pharmacy workflow.

Improved patient safety

In the United States, approximately 1.7 million adverse drug events (ADE) are recorded every year, and they are believed to account for almost $4 million of government's spending in healthcare. Some of the problems that may arise due to manual prescription include; omission of important information, therapy duplication, misinterpretation of the information due to illegible handwriting, and wrong dosage. If these errors are identified before the patient get the medicines, patient care will be delayed due to additional communication between the provider of the prescription to address the identified errors (Ginzburg, Barr, Harris, & Munshi, 2009). However, not all mistakes in the prescription are identified, and this may lead to patient harm or death.

If allergies cannot be identified during the prescription process, they may add to ADEs (adverse drug events). E-prescription software is programmed in a way that they notify the provider with any prescription errors before the data is being transmitted. This ensures that right information is being used in the prescription to avoid any harm to the patient.

Drug cost reductions

Some of the errors identified in manual prescriptions are the duplication of therapy and wrong medications or dosage. The provider may overdose the patient making him spend more on the drugs. E-prescription ensures that no duplication and the right dosage is given. The process also allows the providers not to prescribe medicines that may cause allergies and instead it identifies cost-effective therapies.

Enhanced access to prescription records

E-prescription is important, particularly when the safety of patients is threatened especially in cases of drug recalls. Additionally, it comes in handy during cases of natural disasters that may destroy manual records. Patient care will continue since the providers can retrieve patient records from e-prescription network that covers almost 95% of the United States of America (Shawana, et la., 2009). In cases of drug recalls, pharmacists can trace medication information to individual patients and deliver this valuable information.

Patient convenience

The system ensures that the medication for patients is ready by the time they arrive at the pharmacist. All the checking between the pharmacist and physician will have been completed in advance reducing any hurdles for the patients. This means there is adherence to medication since there will be no delay for patients to access the previous drugs (Barber, 2010).

Enhanced security

Electronic prescription is more secure than written prescriptions. Paper orders are vulnerable to transcription errors and prone to theft and tampering, making it easy for drug-seeking people easy to alter them to increase the dosage or number of refills (Barber, 2010). E-prescriptions are directly delivered to the pharmacist even without patients getting to know the physician's name. Exposure of the Physician's DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) increases identity theft chances or even damaged the reputation of the doctor. Consequently, it is not easy to leak patient's information (Brushwood, 2003).

Enhanced workflow

Much attention has been given to how e-prescription benefits the patients by preventing medication errors. Moreover, the health care providers also gain much from this technology. Calls to providers from other users of the prescription information have been eliminated providing more time for patient counseling. It (Electronic Prescription) has also enhanced workflow between the junior medical practitioners and their seniors. Senior medical practitioners are involved in the prescription while juniors are more into clerical work than doing the prescription. This has also contributed to the reduction of errors since it has been established that juniors make more mistakes than their seniors.

E-prescription does not only benefit the patients and pharmacists, but it is also advantageous to health insurance providers, health care providers, employers and the community in general. Healthcare providers spend less time verifying manual orders. Businesses are enjoying financial benefits that are provided by this system since it has reduced health costs they spend on their employees.

Disadvantages

Although E-prescription has reduced the number of errors committed by medical practitioners, it provides room for new problems or reintroduces those that are experienced in manual prescription. The omission of important information wrong patient, incorrect drug prescription are some of the errors that are associated with E-prescription. Many scholars have embarked on establishing the problems associated with electronic prescription besides the resistance that it faces from most medical practitioners.

Inaccuracy checking

One of the benefits of electronic prescription is the additional time it provides for providers to offer other services such as counseling to the patients. However, this benefit is offset by the extra time the providers uses to check if there are any inaccuracies in the prescription. It has been argued that although E-prescription reduces follow-ups from pharmacists to prescribers, still it necessitates interaction between the pharmacist and prescribers (Qureshi, Al-Bedah & Koenig, 2014). Research has shown that still there are inaccurate dosing exists even with E-prescription. Additionally, it has been established that it is not easy to detect errors in E-prescription which threatens patient safety. It has also been noticed that the physicians are likely to choose a wrong patient profile, this also poses a threat to patient safety since wrong information will be used in providing care (Qureshi, Al-Bedah & Koenig, 2014).

Design issues

The designing of the electronic prescription software determines whether there will be any problems with it. The features of the software may contribute to an inefficient workflow in the institution which may necessitate manual entries. Another concern is about system failures which may lead to longer waiting times for patients. Additionally, longer waiting times may be caused by late arrival of prescriptions from the prescribers. E-prescription systems are costly. They require a huge amount of capital for designing, maintenance, and transaction.

Like all other technological advancements being witnessed across the world, E-prescription has its advantages and disadvantages as well. Some of the appealing advantages include enhanced security and patient safety, reduction of medical prescription errors and drug costs. However, some of the notable disadvantages include the reintroduction of some of the prescription errors and disruption in health environment workflow due to system failures. It is believed that with the continuous advancements in the technological field, these problems will be addressed and E-prescription will result in more benefits than enhanced patient safety. Utilization of E-prescription systems in the future is likely to enhance workflow between healthcare providers and reduce prescription errors.

References

Barber, N. (2010). Electronic prescribing–safer, faster, better? Journal of health services    research & policy, 15(suppl 1), 64-67.

Brushwood, D. B. (2003). Maximizing the value of electronic prescription monitoring       programs. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 31(1), 41-54.

Ginzburg, R., Barr, W. B., Harris, M., & Munshi, S. (2009). Effect of a weight-based prescribing method within an electronic health record on prescribing errors. Am J Health-Syst   Pharm, 66, 2037-2041.

Qureshi, N. A., Al-Bedah, A. M., & Koenig, H. G. (2014). Handwritten to electronic        prescriptions: emerging views and practices, Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Medicine     and Medical Research, 4(28), 4607.

Shawana, R., Rahman, N., Ahmad, M., Debray, M., Ylipettula, M., & Decleves, X. (2010).          Electronic prescribing reduces prescribing errors in public hospitals. Journal of Clinical            Nursing, 20, 3233-3245.